Fatigue
Depletion of energy sources
Creatine phosphate
Depletion
of Creatine phosphate is found at the muscles. Creatine phosphate is
synthesised in the liver and then goes to the skeletal muscles to be stored.
Creathine phosphate is used to form ATP from ADP. It is also important for
intense exercise for up to ten seconds like 100 metres maximum power cannot be
maintained.
Muscle and liver
glycogen
Muscle and liver glycogen can
occur despite that there is enough oxygen and ATP through metabolic pathways.
Glycogen is a readily available source of energy under both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions. When glycogen stores are depleted muscles stop
contracting because the body is unable to use fat as a sole source of fuel.
Fatty acids from fat stores cannot be fully oxidised to release all their
energy if there is insufficient breakdown of carbohydrates at the same time.
Effects of waste products
Blood lactate accumulation
Muscle lactate is disposed by
oxidation at first then to pyruvate and then turned to carbon dioxide and
water. Some blood lactate is taken in by the liver which reconstructs it to
glycogen. The remaining blood lactate diffuses back into the muscle or other
organs to be oxidised. This oxidation forms carbon dioxide which is later
excreted by the lungs.
Carbon dioxide
During exercise carbon
dioxide increases the level of blood activity. Carbon dioxide is carried in
chemical combinations in the blood. In red blood cells enzymes speed up the reaction
of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.
Increased blood acidity
When the carbonic acid breaks
down it breaks down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ion
is responsible for the increased blood acidity.
Neuromuscular fatigue
Depletion of acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is
neurotransmitter that is released to stimulate skeletal muscles and the
parasympathetic nervous system. Its effect are short because it is destroyed by
acetlchilinesterase an enzyme which are realised into the sarcolemma of muscle
fibres which then prevent muscle contractions in the absence of additional
nervous stimulation.
Reduced calcium-ion release
Calcium ions are realised
allowing actin and myosin to couple and form actomyosin. During relaxation the
calcium ions are removed and the muscle returns to its resting state. If the
store of calcium ions is reduced the ability of the actin and myosin to couple
is compromised which prevents continued muscle contraction.
Recovery
(EPOC) Exercise, post, oxygen, consumption
The two major components of
EPOC are fast components and slow components. Fast components are the amount of
oxygen required to synthesise and restore ATP and creatine phosphate. Slow
components are the amount of oxygen required to remove lactic acid from the
muscle cells and blood. After light exercise recovery to a resting state takes
place quickly and without realising it. EPOC defines the excess oxygen uptake
above the resting level in recovery
Oxygen debt
When you have a short intense
burst of exercise like sprinting you generate energy for this anaerobically or
without oxygen, when you stop exercise you are still breathing heavily, this is
your body taking in extra oxygen to repay the oxygen debt. The difference
between the oxygen the body required and what it actually managed to take in
during a sprint is called oxygen deficit. When you
stop sprinting and start to recover you will actually need more oxygen to
recover than your body. This is called excess post exercise oxygen consumption.
Fast components
Muscle phosphogen stores
Alatacid oxygen debt
represents that portion of oxygen used to synthesise and restore ATP and
creatin phosphate stores which have been almost completely exhausted during
high intensity exercise. During the first three minutes of recovery EPOC
restores almost 99 % of the ATP and creatine phosphate used during exercise.
Slow components
Removal of lactic acid
The slow component of EPOC is
concerned with the removal of lactic acid from the muscles and the blood. This
can take several hours depending on the intensity of the activity. Around half
of lactic acid is removed after 15 minutes and most removed after an hour. Lactacid
recovery converts most of the lactic acid to pyruvicacid which is oxidised by
the kerbs cycle to create ATP
Replenishment of myoglobin
Myoglobin is an oxygen
storage protein found in muscle it forms a loose combination with oxygen while
the oxygen supply is full and stores it until the demand for oxygen increases. During
exercise the oxygen form myoglobin is quickly used up after exercise additional
oxygen is required to pay back any oxygen that has been borrowed from myoglobin
stores.
Replacement of glycogen
The replenishment of muscle
and liver glycogen stores depends on the type of exercise. Short distance high
intensity exercise may take two to three hours and long endurance activates may
take several days. Replenishment of glycogen stores is most rapid during the
first few hours after training is complete. To restore glycogen stores quicker
you can accelerate this with high carbohydrates.
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